Required Disclaimer for Sales Literature and Market Commentary

This communication has been prepared by RBC Capital Markets (“RBCCM”) sales personnel for institutional clients and your information only and is not a research report prepared by the RBCCM Research Department. Unless otherwise specified, the views expressed herein are the author’s and may differ from the views of RBCCM’s Research Department and from the views of others within RBCCM. The information in the body of this communication is intended to provide general company and/or market commentary, is not intended to provide a sufficient basis for an investment decision and should not be considered a research report. This material may include references to recently published research notes and reports by RBCCM’s Research Department. Complete research notes and reports, including important conflicts disclosures, are available at https://www.rbcinsightresearch.com/. You should assume that trading desks at RBCCM or its affiliates makes markets and/or hold positions, and may have conducted underwriting or other investment banking work in any of the securities referenced herein. Information contained herein has been compiled by RBCCM from sources believed to be reliable, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. Every province in Canada, state in the U.S., and most countries throughout the world have their own laws regulating the types of securities and other investment products which may be offered to their residents, as well as the process for doing so. As a result, the securities discussed in this communication may not be eligible for sale in some jurisdictions. To the full extent permitted by law neither RBCCM nor any of its affiliates or any other person accepts any liability whatsoever for any direct, or indirect or consequential loss or damage arising from any use of the information contained herein. No matter contained in this communication may be reproduced or copied by any means without the prior consent of RBCCM.

RBC Capital Markets is the global brand name for the capital markets business of Royal Bank of Canada and its affiliates. United States: This communication has been approved by RBC Capital Markets, LLC (member FINRA, NYSE, SIPC), which is a U.S. registered broker-dealer and which accepts responsibility for this communication and its dissemination in the United States. Any U.S. recipient of this communication that is not a registered broker-dealer or a bank acting in a broker or dealer capacity and that wishes further information regarding, or to effect any transaction in, any of the securities discussed in this communication, should contact and place orders with RBC Capital Markets, LLC. IMPORTANT DISCLOSURE: THIS COMMUNICATION HAS BEEN GENERATED BY AN EMPLOYEE OF RBCCM AND IS BEING CONVEYED TO YOU AS A SOLICITATION (FOR PURPOSES OF 17 CFR §§1.71(a)-(c) AND 23.605) FOR ENTERING INTO A DERIVATIVES TRANSACTION. This communication is not a research report or a product of RBCCM's Research Department. Canada: RBC Dominion Securities Inc. (member CIRO and CIPF). France: RBC Paris Branch, RBC Capital Markets (Europe) GmbH Paris Branch are regulated by the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution and the Autorité des Marchés Financiers. Germany: This publication has been approved by RBC Capital Markets (Europe) GmbH, which is a company authorized by BaFin. United Kingdom: This publication has been approved by RBC Europe Limited, which is authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and PRA. Hong Kong: Royal Bank of Canada, Hong Kong (regulated by HKMA and SFC). Australia: Royal Bank of Canada, Sydney Branch (regulated by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority; AFSL 246521; ABN 86 076 940 880). This document is distributed only to persons who satisfy the definition of wholesale client for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001 and not intended for distribution to retail clients. Japan: Securities business (as defined under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law) in Japan will be carried out by RBC Capital Markets (Japan) Ltd. in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. RBC Capital Markets (Japan) Ltd. is a Financial Instrument Dealer registered with the Kanto Financial Bureau (Kinsho #203) and a member of Japan Securities Dealers Association (“JSDA”) and the Financial Futures Association of Japan (“FFAJ”). Banking business (as defined under the Banking Law) in Japan will be carried out by Royal Bank of Canada, Tokyo Branch in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Singapore: Royal Bank of Canada, Singapore Branch (regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore).

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